Resultados de la encuesta sobre unidades asistenciales y atención a trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en España. Grupo de Trabajo sobre Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria de SENPE / Results of the survey on care units and caring for eating disorders in Spain. SENPE Working Group on Eating Disorders

Introducción: los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) suponen un reto terapéutico. Objetivo: describir la asistencia a los TCA desde la perspectiva de las unidades de nutrición clínica y dietética (UNCyD) en relación con los recursos humanos y asistenciales, las actividades realizadas y la satisfacción con la atención en España; recoger demandas de los profesionales para mejorar la asistencia. Métodos: estudio transversal y observacional a partir de un cuestionario remitido online a socios de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Clínica y Metabolismo (SENPE) y al Área de Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (SEEN). Los datos se analizaron según las camas de los hospitales encuestados (< 500/≥ 500). Resultados: 23 respuestas de 8 comunidades autónomas. En el 87 % de las UNCyD se prestaba atención a los TCA; el 65,2 % contaban con un proceso específico; el 91,3 % colaboraban con Psiquiatría; el 34,8 % tenían área propia de hospitalización; el 56,5 % disponían de hospital de día pero participaban en él el 21,7 %; el 39,1 % tenían consulta monográfica; se realizaba educación nutricional en el 87 %, sobre todo por enfermería; se prescribían frecuentemente dietas individualizadas y suplementos orales en el 39,1 y el 56,5 %, respectivamente; solo los hospitales más grandes participaban en investigación sobre TCA (62,5 %); y el 21,7 % colaboraban con asociaciones de pacientes. Los hospitales con ≥ 500 camas disponían de más recursos y estaban más satisfechos. Los profesionales demandaban recursos y procesos consensuados con psiquiatría. Conclusiones: los recursos y las prácticas asistenciales son dispares en las UNCyD encuestadas, así como la colaboración multidisciplinar. La evidencia recogida permite diseñar estrategias de mejora en este ámbito. (AU)

Introduction: eating disorders (EDs) entail a therapeutic challenge. Objective: to describe ED care from the perspective of Nutrition Units (NU) in relation to human and care resources, the activities carried out, and satisfaction with care in Spain; to collect demands from professionals to improve assistance. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational study based on a questionnaire sent online to members of the Spanish Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (SENPE) and to the Nutrition Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN). The data were analyzed according to number of beds of the hospitals surveyed (< 500/≥ 500). Results: 23 responses from 8 autonomous communities. In 87 % of NUs care was given to eating disorders; 65.2 % had a specific process; 91.3 % collaborated with Psychiatry; 34.8 % had their own hospitalization area; 56.5 % had a day hospital, but 21.7 % participated in it; 39.1 % had a monographic consultation office; nutritional education was carried out in 87 %, especially by nursing; individualized diets and oral supplements were frequently prescribed in 39.1 % and 56.5 %, respectively; only the largest hospitals participated in research on EDs (62.5 %), and 21.7 % collaborated with patient associations. Hospitals with ≥ 500 beds had more resources and were more satisfied. Professionals demanded resources and processes agreed with Psychiatry. Conclusions: resources and care practices are uneven in the NUs surveyed, as well as multidisciplinary collaboration. The collected evidence allows us to design improvement strategies in this area. (AU)

Weight Gain in Adults with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Compared to Restrictive Anorexia Nervosa-Pilot Findings from a Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is characterized by persistent failure to meet nutritional needs, absence of body image distortion and often low body weight. Weight restorative treatment in ARFID-adults is provided for as in Anorexia Nervosa (AN), while the effect is unknown. The aim was to compare weight gain between ARFID and restrictive subtype of AN (AN-R), including exploring impact of medical factors and psychopathology. METHODS: Individuals with ARFID (n = 7; all cases enrolled over 5 years) and AN-R (n = 80) were recruited from the Prospective Longitudinal All-comers inclusion study in Eating Disorders (PROLED) during 5 years. All underwent weight restorative inpatient treatment. Clinical characteristics at baseline and weekly weight gain were recorded and compared. RESULTS: There were no significant differences at baseline weight, nor in weight gain between groups. Anxiety was statistically significantly higher in AN-R at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were differences in several clinical measures at baseline (Autism Quotient, symptom checklist, mood scores and Morgan Russel Outcome Scale), only anxiety was higher in AN-R. No differences in weight gain were observed, although mean values indicate a faster weight gain in the ARFID group. Standard weight restorative treatment in this study in adults with ARFID has similar weight gaining effect as in AN-R.

Psychiatric Comorbidity in Children and Adults with Gluten-Related Disorders: A Narrative Review.

Gluten-related disorders are characterized by both intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations. Previous studies have suggested an association between gluten-related disorder and psychiatric comorbidities. The objective of our current review is to provide a comprehensive review of this association in children and adults. A systematic literature search using MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO from inception to 2018 using terms of ‘celiac disease’ or ‘gluten-sensitivity-related disorders’ combined with terms of ‘mental disorders’ was conducted. A total of 47 articles were included in our review, of which 28 studies were conducted in adults, 11 studies in children and eight studies included both children and adults. The majority of studies were conducted in celiac disease, two studies in non-celiac gluten sensitivity and none in wheat allergy. Enough evidence is currently available supporting the association of celiac disease with depression and, to a lesser extent, with eating disorders. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate the association suggested with other psychiatric disorders. In conclusion, routine surveillance of potential psychiatric manifestations in children and adults with gluten-related disorders should be carried out by the attending physician.

A Higher-Calorie Refeeding Protocol Does Not Increase Adverse Outcomes in Adult Patients with Eating Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Patients with eating disorders (EDs) are often considered a high-risk population to refeed. Current research advises using "start low, go slow" refeeding methods (∼1,000 kcal/day, advancing ∼500 kcal/day every 3 to 4 days) in adult patients with severe EDs to prevent the development of refeeding syndrome (RFS), typically characterized by decreases in serum electrolyte levels and fluid shifts. OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of RFS and related outcomes using a low-calorie protocol (LC) (1,000 kcal) or a higher-calorie protocol (HC) (1,500 kcal) in medically compromised adult patients with EDs. DESIGN: This was a retrospective pre-test-post-test study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: One hundred and nineteen participants with EDs, medically admitted to a tertiary hospital in Brisbane, Australia, between December 2010 and January 2017, were included (LC: n=26, HC: n=93). The HC refeeding protocol was implemented in September 2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences in prevalence of electrolyte disturbances, hypoglycemia, edema, and RFS diagnoses were examined. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: χ2 tests, Kruskal-Wallis H test, analysis of variance, and independent t tests were used to compare data between the two protocols. RESULTS: Descriptors were similar between groups (LC: 28±9 years, 96% female, 85% with anorexia nervosa, 31% admitted primarily because of clinical symptoms of exacerbated ED vs HC: 27±9 years, 97% female, 84% with anorexia nervosa, 44% admitted primarily because of clinical symptoms of exacerbated ED, P>0.05). Participants refed using the LC protocol had higher incidence rates of hypoglycemia (LC: 31% vs HC: 10%, P=0.012), with no statistical or clinical differences in electrolyte disturbances (LC: 65% vs HC: 45%, P=0.079), edema (LC: 8% vs HC: 6%, P=0.722) or diagnosed RFS (LC: 4% vs HC: 1%, P=0.391). CONCLUSIONS: A higher-calorie refeeding protocol appears to be safe, with no differences in rates of electrolyte disturbances or clinically diagnosed RFS and a lower incidence of hypoglycemia. Future research examining higher-calorie intakes, similar to those studied in adolescent patients, may be beneficial.

Consenso sobre la evaluación y el tratamiento nutricional de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: anorexia nerviosa, bulimia nerviosa, trastorno por atracón y otros. Resumen ejecutivo / Consensus document about the nutritional evaluation and management of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and others. Executive abstract

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Resumen ejecutivo "Consenso sobre la evaluación y el tratamiento nutricional de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: anorexia nerviosa, bulimia nerviosa, trastorno por atracón y otros" / No disponible

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Consenso sobre la evaluación y el tratamiento nutricional de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: anorexia nerviosa / No disponible

La anorexia nerviosa es la enfermedad psiquiátrica más frecuente entre las mujeres jóvenes y se asume de origen multifactorial. Los criterios diagnósticos han sido recientemente modificados de forma que la amenorrea deja de formar parte de ellos. Esta enfermedad muestra una gran variabilidad en su presentación y gravedad, lo que condiciona diferentes abordajes terapéuticos y la necesidad de individualizar el tratamiento, haciéndose indispensable un enfoque multidisciplinar. Los objetivos persiguen restaurar el estado nutricional (a través de un plan dietético individualizado y basado en un patrón de consumo saludable), tratar las complicaciones y comorbilidades, la educación nutricional (basada en patrones alimentarios y nutricionales sanos), corrección de las conductas compensatorias y la prevención de recaídas. El tratamiento variará según la situación clínica del paciente, pudiendo realizarse en consultas externas (cuando existe estabilidad clínica), en hospital de día (modalidad intermedia entre el tratamiento ambulatorio tradicional y la hospitalización) o en hospitalización (fracaso del manejo ambulatorio o presencia de complicaciones médicas o psiquiátricas graves). La nutrición artificial a través del empleo de suplementos nutricionales orales, nutrición enteral y excepcionalmente nutrición parenteral puede ser necesaria en determinados escenarios clínicos. En pacientes severamente desnutridos se debe evitar el síndrome de realimentación. La anorexia nerviosa está asociada a numerosas complicaciones médicas que condicionan el estado de salud, la calidad de vida y que se relacionan estrechamente con la mortalidad. Existe poca evidencia clínica para evaluar los resultados de los distintos tratamientos en la anorexia nerviosa, estando basados la mayoría de las recomendaciones en consenso de expertos

Anorexia nervosa is the most common psychiatric disease among young women and it is assumed to be of multifactorial origin. Diagnostic criteria have recently been modified; therefore amenorrhea has ceased to be a part of them. This disease shows a large variability in its presentation and severity which conditions different therapeutic approaches and the need to individualize the treatment, thus it is indispensable a multidisciplinary approach. The goals are to restore nutritional status (through an individualized diet plan based on a healthy consumption pattern), treat complications and comorbidities, nutritional education (based on healthy eating and nutritional patterns), correction of compensatory behaviors and relapse prevention. The treatment will vary according to the patient's clinical situation, and it may be performed in outpatient clinics (when there is clinical stability), in a day hospital or ambulatory clinic (intermediate mode between traditional outpatient treatment and hospitalization) or hospitalization (when there is outpatient management failure or presence of serious medical or psychiatric complications). Artificial nutrition using oral nutritional supplements, enteral nutrition and exceptionally parenteral nutrition may be necessary in certain clinical settings. In severely malnourished patients the refeeding syndrome should be avoided. Anorexia nervosa is associated with numerous medical complications which determines health status, life quality, and is closely related to mortality. There is little clinical evidence to assess the results of different treatments in anorexia nervosa, when most of the recommendations are being based on expert consensus

Consenso sobre la evaluación y el tratamiento nutricional de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: bulimia nerviosa, trastorno por atracón y otros / No disponible

La bulimia nerviosa y el trastorno por atracón constituyen entidades nosológicas propias. Ambas muestran una gran variabilidad en su presentación y gravedad, lo que implica la individualización del tratamiento y la necesidad de equipos multidisciplinares. Los pacientes con bulimia nerviosa pueden presentar desde desnutrición y estados carenciales a exceso de peso, mientras que en los trastornos por atracón es habitual el sobrepeso u obesidad, que condiciona a su vez otras comorbilidades. Muchos de los síntomas y complicaciones derivan de las conductas compensatorias. Se dispone de diversas herramientas terapéuticas para el tratamiento de estos pacientes. El abordaje nutricional contempla el consejo dietético individualizado que garantice un adecuado estado nutricional y la correcta educación nutricional. Su objetivo es facilitar la adopción voluntaria de comportamientos alimentarios que fomenten la salud y que permitan la modificación a largo plazo de los hábitos alimentarios y el cese de conductas purgantes y atracones. El soporte psicológico es el tratamiento de primera línea y debe abordar el trastorno de la conducta alimentaria y las comorbilidades psiquiátricas que frecuentemente presentan. Los psicofármacos, aunque eficaces y ampliamente utilizados, no son imprescindibles. El manejo se realiza principalmente a nivel ambulatorio, siendo el hospital de día útil en pacientes seleccionados. Se debe reservar la hospitalización para corregir aquellas complicaciones somáticas o psiquiátricas graves o como medida de contención de las situaciones conflictivas no tratables de forma ambulatoria. La mayoría de las recomendaciones de las guías se basan en consensos de expertos, existiendo poca evidencia que evalúe los resultados clínicos y de coste-eficacia

Bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder are unique nosological entities. Both show a large variability related to its presentation and severity which involves different therapeutic approaches and the need to individualize the treatment, thus it is indispensable a multidisciplinary approach. Patients with bulimia nervosa may suffer from malnutrition and deficiency states or even excess weight, while in binge eating disorders, it is common overweight or obesity, which determine other comorbidities. Many of the symptoms and complications are associated with compensatory behaviors. There are many therapeutic tools available for the treatment of these patients. The nutritional approach contemplates the individualized dietary advice which guarantees an adequate nutritional state and nutritional education. Its objective is to facilitate the voluntary adoption of eating behaviors that promote health and allow the long-term modification of eating habits and the cessation of purgatory and bingeing behaviors. Psychological support is a first-line treatment and it must address the frequent disorder of eating behavior and psychiatric comorbidities. Psychotropic drugs are effective and widely used although these drugs are not essential. The management is carried out mainly at an outpatient level, being the day hospital useful in selected patients. Hospitalization should be reserved to correct serious somatic or psychiatric complications or as a measure to contain non-treatable conflict situations. Most of the guidelines' recommendations are based on expert consensus, with little evidence which evaluates clinical results and cost-effectiveness

Nutritional supplements in eating disorders.

Eating disorders (EDs) are a series of differentiated nosological entities sharing the common link of a continuous alteration in food intake or in food intake-related behavior. Within this classification, the following disorders are noteworthy: anorexia nerviosa (AN) and bulimia nerviosa (BN). Anorexia nervosa is a chronic disorder characterized mainly by negative or decreased food intake accompanied by a distortion of body image and intense accompanying fear of weight gain. The estimated vital prevalence of this disorder in adolescence is approximately 0.5%-1%.1 The primary feature of BN is the presence of binge eating accompanied by compensatory behavior (in the form of intense exercise and the use of laxatives and diuretics, etc.). The prevalence of BN is estimated to be between 2% and 4% in young women, and it generally starts at somewhat later stages than AN. It is believed that biological, psychological, and environmental factors, as well as genetic vulnerability, influence the pathogenesis of EDs. A variety of therapies exist, both biological and psychological, whose effectiveness is supported by the scientific literature. Nonetheless, we find these therapies only partially effective and new targets as well as new treatments should be sought. Although the etiopathogenesis of EDs is unclear, some of the neurobiological dysfunction found suggests that diet and nutrient supplementation could be relevant in their treatment. We review in this article new treatments focusing on nutritional deficits.

Eating disorders during the adolescence: personality characteristics associated with anorexia and bulimia nervosa / Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria durante la adolescencia: perfiles de personalidad asociados a la anorexia y a la bulimia nerviosa

Introduction: Previous studies provide relevant information about the relationship between personality and eating disorders (ED). The involvement of personality factors in the etiology and maintenance of ED indicates the need of emphasizing the study of the adolescent's personality when diagnosed of ED. Objectives: The aims of this study were to analyze the adolescent's personality profiles that differ significantly in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), and to explore the most common profiles and their associations with those subtypes of eating disorders (ED). Methods: A total of 104 patients with AN and BN were studied by means of the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). Results: The personality profiles that differ significantly in both AN and BN were submissive, egotistic, unruly, forceful, conforming, oppositional, self-demeaning and borderline. The most frequent profiles in AN were conforming (33.33%), egotistic (22.72%) and dramatizing (18.18%) while in the case of BN those profiles were unruly (18.42%), submissive (18.42%) and borderline (15.78%). We did not find any associations between the diagnostic subgroup (AN, BN) and the fact of having personality profiles that could become dysfunctional. Conclusions: Bearing in mind these results, it may be concluded that there are relevant differences between personality profiles associated with AN and BN during adolescence, so tailoring therapeutic interventions for this specific population would be important (AU)

Introducción: estudios previos aportan información relevante sobre la relación entre la personalidad y los trastornos de conducta alimentaria (TCA). La implicación de los factores de personalidad en la etiología y el mantenimiento de los TCA indica la necesidad de enfatizar el estudio de la personalidad del adolescente cuando se diagnostique un TCA. Objetivos: los objetivos del presente estudio fueron explorar los perfiles de personalidad más frecuentes asociados a la anorexia nerviosa (AN) y a la bulimia nerviosa (BN) en adolescentes y analizar aquellos perfiles de personalidad que diferencian de manera significativa a ambos subtipos de TCA. Métodos: un total de 104 pacientes con diagnóstico de AN y BN fueron estudiados mediante el Inventario Clínico para Adolescentes de Millon (MACI). Resultados: los perfiles de personalidad que difieren significativamente entre AN y BN fueron los perfiles sumiso, egocéntrico, rebelde, rudo, conformista, oposicionista, autopunitivo y tendencia límite. Los perfiles de personalidad más frecuentes en la AN fueron el conformista (33,33%), el egocéntrico (22,72%) y el histriónico (18,18%), mientras que en la BN los más prevalentes fueron el rebelde (18,42%), el sumiso (18,42%) y el límite (15,78%). No encontramos ninguna asociación entre el subgrupo diagnóstico (AN, BN) y el hecho de tener perfiles de personalidad que podrían llegar a ser disfuncionales. Conclusiones: existen diferencias relevantes entre los perfiles de personalidad asociados a la AN y la BN durante la adolescencia, por lo que sería importante adaptar las intervenciones terapéuticas para esta población específica (AU)

Meal Supervision During Medical Hospitalization for Eating Disorders.

The focus of medical hospitalization for restrictive eating disorders is weight gain; however, no guidelines exist on how to achieve successful and safe weight gain. Meal supervision may be a supportive intervention to aid in meal completion and weight gain. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of standardized meal supervision on weight gain, length of stay, vital signs, electrolytes, and use of liquid caloric supplementation in hospitalized adolescents and young adults with restrictive eating disorders. A chart review compared patients who received meal supervision from admission through discharge to an earlier cohort who received meal supervision as needed. There were no differences in weight, electrolytes, or vital signs between the two cohorts. Length of stay for those who received meal supervision from admission was 3 days shorter than earlier cohort. Nursing supervised meals beginning at admission may shorten length of stay and decrease health care costs.

A Tale of Two Runners: A Case Report of Athletes' Experiences with Eating Disorders in College.

Athletes are at higher risk than the general population for eating disorders, and risk is heightened for athletes in thin-build sports, including track. Collegiate athletes are particularly vulnerable to disordered eating when the transition from home to the college environment adds to the stress of performance pressures and the high demands of the sport environment. Male and female athletes who develop eating disorders share some common characteristics, yet their experiences can be quite different, in part as a consequence of their sex and how eating disorders develop, and are recognized, acknowledged, and treated, within the culture of sports. This case report describes the experiences of two track athletes, one male and one female, who were recruited to the same Division 1 collegiate track program. Both were elite athletes, freshmen in the same year, experiencing the same urban college environment, and experiencing an eating disorder characterized by restrictive eating, significant weight loss, injury, and compromised performance in sport. Both received treatment from a multidisciplinary team of professionals. Both athletes achieved weight restoration, recovery from the disorder, and success in their sport. In spite of the similarities, striking differences were apparent in clinical presentation, predisposing features, onset of symptoms, entry points to treatment, interventions received, and clinical courses through treatment that depict sex differences in how eating disorders present in athletes and are addressed in the sport environment. Findings endorse the need for research and inform prevention strategies, risk assessment, and intervention approaches for nutrition and sports medicine professionals and collegiate athletic departments.

Remote Healing of Bipolar Disorder, Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Fibromyalgia, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Through Lifestyle Change.

This case report illustrates the relationship between gut, hormonal, and brain function in that dietary change, mindfulness interventions, and detoxification led to resolution of disabling psychiatric symptoms. In this case, a single Caucasian female resolved her symptoms of bipolar disorder (BD) including psychotic features and suicidality, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms from childhood torture, disordered eating, fibromyalgia, and irritable bowel syndrome through lifestyle interventions. This patient survived a severe trauma history only to develop alcohol dependence, disordered eating, and depressive symptoms, which were treated with a polypharmaceutical psychiatric approach. She was formally diagnosed with BD after being treated with antidepressants and went on to be treated with up to 15 medications in the ensuing years. Disabled by the side effects of her treatment, she worked with her treating psychiatrist to taper off of 4 medications before she learned of nutritional change through a book authored by the author. After completing 1 mo of these recommendations including dietary change, detox, and meditation, she enrolled in the author's online program and went on to resolve her symptoms, physical and psychiatric, to the extent that BD has been removed from her medical record. She has been symptom free for 1 y. This case is evidence of the potential for self-directed healing and resolution of chronic illness.

Suplementos nutricionales en trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Nutritional supplements in eating disorders

Se consideran Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA) a una serie de entidades nosológicas diferenciadas que tienen como nexo común una alteración continuada en la ingesta o bien en la conducta relacionada con la ingesta. Dentro de dicha clasificación destacan los siguientes trastornos: Anorexia Nerviosa (AN) y Bulimia Nerviosa (BN). La AN es un trastorno de curso crónico caracterizado principalmente por una negativa o disminución de la ingesta acompañado de una distorsión de la imagen corporal con el consecuente miedo intenso a la ganancia de peso. Se estima una prevalencia vital en la adolescencia de dicho trastorno de aproximadamente el 0,5-1%1. En la BN la presencia de atracones de comida y la posterior conducta compensatoria (en forma de ejercicio intenso, uso de laxantes, diuréticos...) es lo que prima en el paciente. La prevalencia se estima entre un 2 y un 4% en mujeres jóvenes, iniciándose generalmente en etapas algo posteriores que la AN. Se cree que en su patogenia influyen factores biológicos, psicológicos y ambientales así como una cierta vulnerabilidad genética. Existen distintos tratamientos con eficacia avalada por parte de literatura científica, tanto terapias biológicas como psicológicas, a pesar de ello, nos encontramos con una efectividad parcial de dichas terapias siendo necesaria la búsqueda de nuevas dianas así como de nuevos tratamiento. Aunque la etiopatogenia de los TCA no esté clara, algunas de las disfunciones neurobiológicas encontradas permitirían considerar que la dieta y la administración de nutrientes podría ser relevante en el tratamiento de estos trastornos. Proponemos en este artículo una revisión de nuevos tratamientos enfocados al déficit nutricional (AU)

Eating disorders (EDs) are a series of differentiated nosological entities sharing the common link of a continuous alteration in food intake or in food intake-related behavior. Within this classification, the following disorders are noteworthy: anorexia nerviosa (AN) and bulimia nerviosa (BN). Anorexia nervosa is a chronic disorder characterized mainly by negative or decreased food intake accompanied by a distortion of body image and intense accompanying fear of weight gain. The estimated vital prevalence of this disorder in adolescence is approximately 0.5%-1%.1 The primary feature of BN is the presence of binge eating accompanied by compensatory behavior (in the form of intense exercise and the use of laxatives and diuretics, etc.). The prevalence of BN is estimated to be between 2% and 4% in young women, and it generally starts at somewhat later stages than AN. It is believed that biological, psychological, and environmental factors, as well as genetic vulnerability, influence the pathogenesis of EDs. A variety of therapies exist, both biological and psychological, whose effectiveness is supported by the scientific literature. Nonetheless, we find these therapies only partially effective and new targets as well as new treatments should be sought. Although the etiopathogenesis of EDs is unclear, some of the neurobiological dysfunction found suggests that diet and nutrient supplementation could be relevant in their treatment. We review in this article new treatments focusing on nutritional déficits (AU)

Sintomas de transtornos alimentares em bailarinos profissionais / Symptoms of eating disorders in professional dancers

Objetivo: Conhecer a frequência de comportamento alimentar anormal e insatisfação da imagem corporal de bailarinos profissionais de uma companhia de balé. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal analítico com bailarinos profissionais de uma companhia de balé em Londrina, PR, BR. Realizou-se avaliação antropométrica, avaliação do comportamento alimentar pelo Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), presença de comportamentos bulímicos pelo Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh (BITE) e satisfação com a imagem corporal pelo Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) em bailarinos profissionais maiores de 18 anos. Análise de associação entre o EAT-26, o BSQ e o BITE foi realizada com o teste de Fisher. Resultados: Foram avaliados 35 bailarinos, sendo 80% (n=28) do sexo feminino e 20% (n=7) do sexo masculino, com idade média de 22,2 ± 6,8 anos e índice de massa corporal de 20,0±1,9 kg/m2. A avaliação do comportamento alimentar demonstrou atitudes alimentares que representam risco de desenvolvimento de anorexia no sexo feminino. O comportamento bulímico foi encontrado em 75% do sexo feminino e em 14,28% do sexo masculino. Distorção da imagem corporal foi encontrada apenas no sexo feminino, em 75% das bailarinas. Verificou-se associação significativa (p<0,05) entre o EAT-26 e o BSQ e entre o BITE e o BSQ. Conclusão: Os dados desse estudo apontam que os bailarinos avaliados apresentam alteração importante do comportamento alimentar, com elevado risco de desenvolvimento de anorexia e bulimia nervosa, e grave distorção da imagem corporal (AU)

Objetivo: Conocer la frecuencia de comportamiento alimentario anormal e insatisfacción de la imagen corporal de bailarines profesionales de una compañía de ballet. Métodos: Estudio observacional transversal analítico con bailarines profesionales de una compañía de ballet en Londrina, PR, BR. Se realizó una evaluación antropométrica, la evaluación del comportamiento alimentario por el comer Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), presencia de comportamientos bulímicos por el Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh (BITE) y satisfacción con la imagen corporal por el Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) en bailarines profesionales mayores de 18 años. El análisis de asociación entre el EAT-26, el BSQ y el BITE se realizó con la prueba de Fisher. Resultados: Se evaluaron 35 bailarines, siendo el 80% (n = 28) del sexo femenino y el 20% (n = 7) del sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 22,2 ± 6,8 años y un índice de masa corporal de 20,0 ± 1,9 kg/m2. La evaluación del comportamiento alimentario demostró actitudes alimenticias que representan riesgo de desarrollo de anorexia en el sexo femenino. El comportamiento bulímico fue encontrado en el 75% del sexo femenino y en el 14,28% del sexo masculino. La distorsión de la imagen corporal fue encontrada sólo en el sexo femenino, en el 75% de las bailarinas. Se verificó una asociación significativa (p <0,05) entre el EAT-26 y el BSQ y entre el BITE y el BSQ. Conclusión: Los datos de este estudio apuntan que los bailarines evaluados presentan cambio importante el comportamiento alimentario, con alto riesgo de desarrollo de anorexia y bulimia nerviosa, y grave distorsión de la imagen corporal (AU)

Intervención dietético-terapéutica en karateka con pubalgia: caso clínico / Dietary-therapeutic intervention in karateka with groin injury. Clinical case

Antecedentes: La pubalgia es una de las patologías más frecuentes dentro del ámbito deportivo. Esta patología cursa con un tiempo de recuperación deportiva prolongado, impidiendo al deportista lesionado realizar su práctica deportiva. En deportes de combate los deportistas realizan patadas constantemente y comprometen en gran medida estructuras músculo-tendinosas relacionadas con la patología. Método: Varón de 25 años diagnosticado de pubalgia, con sintomatología dolorosa en la sínfisis púbica. También presenta hábitos alimentarios inadecuados. Tras la valoración se procede a complementar el tratamiento fisioterapéutico con una alimentación centrada en la reducción de proteínas e incremento de carbohidratos, además de educación dietético-nutricional. Resultados Tras la intervención fisioterapéutica el paciente mejoró sus hábitos alimentarios, así como su composición corporal y sus parámetros analíticos, además de recuperarse deportivamente. Conclusiones: un protocolo de rehabilitación adecuado para el tratamiento de la pubalgia, acompañado de un programa dietético-nutricional adaptado, permite obtener mejoras sobre la recuperación deportiva, parámetros analíticos, composición corporal y fomenta la educación nutricional (AU)

Background: The groin injury is one of the most common diseases in the sport. This condition causes an extended time of recovery, also impedes athlete perform their sport. Karate players are kicking constantly, moreover compromise muscle-tendon structures related to pathology. Methods: 25 year old male diagnosed with groin injury with pain symptoms in the pubic symphysis. Also present inadequate eating habits. After evaluation proceeds to complement the physiotherapy with diet consisted in reducing proteins, increasing carbohydrates and promote dietary and nutritional education. Results: After the physiotherapeutic intervention, the patient improved his eating habits, as well as his body composition and analytical parameters, besides recovering sporty. Conclusions: A suitable rehabilitation protocol for the treatment of pubalgia, accompanied by an adapted dietary-nutritional program, allows improvements in sports recovery, analytical parameters, body composition and nutritional education (AU)

Hábitos de alimentación y ejercicio físico en los adolescentes / Food and exercise habits in teenagers

Objetivo: estudiar las características de alimentación y ejercicio físico en los adolescentes escolarizados de la provincia de Valladolid. Métodos: se realizó una amplia encuesta de carácter anónimo y autocumplimentada a 2412 escolares de 13 a 18 años, extrayendo los datos relacionados con la alimentación y el ejercicio físico, entre marzo y mayo de 2012. Resultados: desayunaban diariamente el 79,2% de los adolescentes, no desayunaban nunca un 4%. Referían consumir fruta a diario el 45,2%, verdura cocida o cruda al menos dos veces a la semana el 31,9% y 62,6%, respectivamente y legumbre al menos una vez a la semana el 92,4%. No consumía pescado el 10,7%. En relación a los alimentos no saludables, tomaba refrescos a diario el 10,5%, chucherías el 7,2% y patatas fritas tipo chips el 4,5%. El 62,4% consideraron que su peso era adecuado. El 30,2% ha realizado dieta en alguna ocasión. Se ha provocado el vómito, tomado laxantes o diuréticos para perder peso alguna vez el 7,7% y diariamente o frecuentemente el 1,6%. En relación al ejercicio físico, el 95,8% lo practicaba a diario y un 69,6% en el colegio. Conclusiones: encontramos problemas en los hábitos de alimentación y ejercicio físico de adolescentes. Es importante realizar campañas de promoción de hábitos saludables (AU)

Objective: to study the characteristics of diet and exercise in adolescents enrolled in school in the province of Valladolid. Methods: a broad survey was conducted anonymously and auto filled by 2412 students from 13 to 18 years old, extracting data related to food and exercise from March to May 2012. Results: the 79.2% of adolescents had breakfast daily in contrast to the 4% that never breakfasted. The 45.2% referred to consume fruit daily, taking cooked or raw vegetables at least twice a week, the 31.9% and the 62.6% respectively, and the 92.4% ate legume at least once a week. The 10.7% did not ever consume fish. Regarding to unhealthy foods, the 10.5% drank soft or fizzy drinks daily, the 7.2% ate snacks and sweets and the 4.5% ate chips. The 62.4% of these teenagers felt that their weight was adequate but the 30.2% had ever gone on a diet in some occasion. Inducing vomiting, taking laxa­tives or diuretics to lose weight was ever used by the 7.7% of them and the 1.6% used these methods once a day or frequently. Regarding to exercise, the 95.8% exercised daily and the 69.6% at school. Conclusions: we found problems in the habits of feeding and exercise for teens. It is important to carry out promotional campaigns for healthy habits (AU)

Impact of short-term refeeding on appetite and meal experiences in new onset adolescent eating disorders.

Restrictive eating disorders (ED) are increasing and represent a serious risk to the health of adolescent females. Restrictive ED in youth are often treated through aggressive short-term refeeding. Although evidence supports that this intervention is the "gold standard" for improving ED outcomes in youth, little research has specifically probed appetite and meal-related responses to this type of intensive, short-term refeeding in newly diagnosed individuals. Information about appetite and meal-related dysfunction could provide valuable insights regarding treatment-interfering features of ED in both acute inpatient and longer-term outpatient treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hunger, fullness, olfactory, and gustatory responses of adolescents with newly-diagnosed restrictive ED and to probe how and when these responses are altered by refeeding. Using a quasi-experimental ecologically valid methodology, this study described and compared profiles of hunger, fullness, olfactory, and gustatory responses in adolescent females (n = 15) with newly diagnosed restrictive ED at hospital admission (i.e., severe malnutrition) and after medical refeeding, in comparison to healthy controls (n = 15). Results showed that newly diagnosed (i.e., malnourished) adolescents with ED showed significantly different meal-related experiences than controls. Refeeding improved some of these differences, but not all. Following refeeding, females with ED continued to show lower hunger, greater fullness, and lower pleasantness of smell ratings compared to controls. Unpleasantness of taste ratings maladaptively increased, such that females who were re-fed reported more aversive scents than pre-treatment. Profiles of meal-related responses were also identified and compared between groups. The applicability of these findings are discussed within the context of critical periods of change during refeeding treatment and potentially promising intervention targets that might enhance treatment outcomes for adolescents with newly onset, restrictive ED.

"Las penas con pan duelen menos": The role of food and culture in Latinas with disordered eating behaviors.

This study elucidated the experiences of eighteen Latina adults (mean age = 38.5 years) from "Promoviendo una Alimentación Saludable" Project who received nutritional intervention as part of the clinical trial. Half of the participants were first generation immigrants from Mexico (50%), followed by U.S. born with 16.7%. Remaining nationalities represented were Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, and Venezuela with 33.3% combined. The average duration of living in the U.S. was 11.1 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) at baseline was 36.59 kg/m(2) (SD = 7.72). Based on the DSM-IV, 28% (n = 5) participants were diagnosed with binge-eating disorder, 33% (n = 6) with bulimia nervosa purging type and 39% (n = 7) with eating disorder not otherwise specified. Participants received up to three nutritional sessions; a bilingual dietitian conducted 97.8% of sessions in Spanish. In total, fifty nutritional sessions were included in the qualitative analysis. A three step qualitative analysis was conducted. First, a bilingual research team documented each topic discussed by patients and all interventions conducted by the dietitian. Second, all topics were classified into specific categories and the frequency was documented. Third, a consensus with the dietitian was performed to validate the categories identified by the research team. Six categories (describing eating patterns, emotional distress, Latino culture values, family conflicts associated with disturbed eating behaviors, lack of knowledge of healthy eating, and treatment progress) emerged from patients across all nutritional sessions. Considering the background of immigration and trauma (60%, n = 15) in this sample; the appropriate steps of nutritional intervention appear to be: 1) elucidating the connection between food and emotional distress, 2) providing psychoeducation of healthy eating patterns using the plate method, and 3) developing a meal plan.